{"id":1268,"date":"2025-01-21T10:20:49","date_gmt":"2025-01-21T15:20:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/?page_id=1268"},"modified":"2025-01-21T10:20:50","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T15:20:50","slug":"chicago-18-notes-bibliography-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/chicago-18-notes-bibliography-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Chicago 18 Notes & Bibliography System"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The following information is an abridged version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the Publication Manual of the Chicago Manual of Style<\/em>, 17th<\/sup> ed. (2017).\u00a0 This sheet is to serve as a ready reference; more in-depth descriptions can be found in the handbook.<\/p>\n\n\n

General Format for Endnotes & Footnotes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Superscript<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
    \n
  • To acknowledge a source in your paper, put a superscript number after the punctuation at the end of the sentence containing the quote or paraphrase. Do not put any punctuation after the number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

    Placement<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
      \n
    • Endnotes are included on a separate page following the end of the text, with the title \u201cNotes\u201d centered at the top. The page numbering will continue on this page.\n
        \n
      • Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page separated by a line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

        Formatting<\/h3>\n\n\n
          \n
        • The numbers in the endnotes or footnotes correspond to the number used in the body of the paper. These numbers are in normal text (not raised), and are followed by a period and one space. The first line of the note is indented .5 inches, and the subsequent lines are flush left. The note itself is single-spaced, while the space between the notes is double-spaced.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

          Abbreviations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
            \n
          • Include the page number, but do not use the word \u201cpage\u201d or abbreviated \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

            Abbreviated Citations for Subsequent Notes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
              \n
            • The first time a source is cited, complete information for the source must be included, but in subsequent citations, it may be abbreviated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • For notes that are preceded immediately by the same source information, the citation may be abbreviated by citing only the author\u2019s last name and page number.\n
                \n
              • Ex:<\/strong> 2. Smith, 64<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • If the subsequent citation does not immediately follow the same source, \u201cIbid.\u201d cannot be used. Rather, the subsequent note must be referenced by the abbreviated form of author\u2019s last name and page number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                Notes as Supplement to Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Notes can be used to supplement a Chicago-style paper with additional information. Substantive notes may merely amplify the text and include no sources, or the note itself may contain quotes or paraphrasing requiring citation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • When a note contains the source and substantive material, the source appears first, followed by a period.\n
                    \n
                  • Ex:<\/strong> Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act 3, sc. 1. Caesar\u2019s claim of constancy should be taken with a grain of salt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • When the substantive note contains a quote or paraphrase requiring citation, the source follows the ending punctuation of the quote.\n
                      \n
                    • Ex:<\/strong> 12. One estimate of the size of the reading public at this time was that of Sydney Smith: \u201cReaders are fourfold in number compared with what they were before the beginning of the French war.\u201d Letters, ed. Nowell C. Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), 1:341, 343.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                      Citation Formats for Endnotes & Footnotes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

                      Note: <\/strong>The citations of online journals, magazines, and newspapers follow the same format as the print version, but the URL should be added. Also, if the material is time-sensitive, an access date should be added as well.<\/p>\n\n\n

                      A book with one author<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • Author\u2019s First and Last Name, Title <\/em>(Publisher, Year of Publication), Page number(s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • If a book has no author begin with the title.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                          \n
                        • Note:<\/strong> 15. Judith A. Stanford, Connections<\/em>, A Multicultural Reader for Writers<\/em> (Mayfield Publishing Co., 1993), 34.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 15. Stanford, Connections<\/em>, 34.\n
                            \n
                          • (If you are citing the same source in subsequent notes, then a short form of the citation may be used in the footnote.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Bibliography Entry<\/strong>: Stanford, Judith A. Connections, A Multicultural Reader for Writers<\/em>. Mayfield Publishing Co., 1993.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                            A book with two or three authors<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                              \n
                            • Author 1 and Author 2, Title <\/em>(Publisher, Year of Publication), Page number(s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                \n
                              • Note:<\/strong> 16. John D. Ramage and John C. Bean, The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing <\/em>(Allyn & Bacon, 1997), 96.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 16. Ramage and Bean, The Allyn and Bacon<\/em>, 96.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Bibliography Entry<\/strong>: Ramage, John D., and John C. Bean. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing<\/em>. Allyn & Bacon, 1997.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                A book with four or more authors<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                                  \n
                                • Up to six authors are now listed in a bibliography or reference list entry.\n
                                    \n
                                  • For a work with more than six, only the first three are listed, followed by \u201cet al.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Note:<\/strong> 17. \u00a0Julie Evans et al.,\u00a0Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies\u00a0<\/em>(Manchester University Press, 2003),\u00a029.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 17. Evans et al., Equal Subjects<\/em>, 29.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Bibliography Entry:<\/strong> Evans, Julie,\u00a0Patricia Grimshaw,\u00a0David Philips, and\u00a0Shurlee Swain.\u00a0Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous\u00a0Peoples in British Settler Societies. <\/em>Manchester University Press,\u00a02003.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                      A book with a translator or editor<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                                        \n
                                      • Author\u2019s First and Last Name, Title<\/em>, Translator\/Editor(Publisher, Year of Publication), Page number(s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • If there is no author, as with the following example, start with the editor or translator followed by ed. or trans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                          \n
                                        • Note:<\/strong> 18. Edwin Morgan, trans., Beowulf <\/em>(University of California Press, 1952), 57.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 18. Morgan, Beowulf<\/em>, 57.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Bibliography Entry:<\/strong> Morgan, Edwin. trans., Beowulf<\/em>. University of California Press, 1954.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                          An article or chapter in an edited book or anthology<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                                            \n
                                          • Author\u2019s First and Last Name, \u201cTitle,\u201d in Book Title<\/em>, Editor(Publisher, Year of Publication), Page number(s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                              \n
                                            • Note:<\/strong> 19. Brian Rogoff, \u201cMemory Development in Cultural Context,\u201d in Cognitive Learning and Memory in Children<\/em>, ed. Michael Pressley (Springer-Verlag, 1985), 117-142.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 19. Rogoff, \u201cMemory Development,\u201d 117-142.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Bibliography Entry:<\/strong> Rogoff, Brian. \u201cMemory Development in Cultural Context.\u201d In Cognitive Learning and Memory in Children<\/em>, edited by Michael Pressley, Springer-Verlag, 1985.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                              An article in a journal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                                                \n
                                              • Author\u2019s First and Last Name, \u201cTitle,\u201d Journal<\/em> Title <\/em>Volume, issue no. (Year of Publication): Page number(s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • Note:<\/strong> 20. Robert Krolik, \u201cInventing Instant TV Traditions: George Stevens, Jr., Honoring Just About Everybody in Sight,\u201d Television Quarterly<\/em> 27, no. 2 (1994): 69-75.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 20. Krolik, \u201cInventing Instant TV,\u201d 69-75.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Bibliography Entry:<\/strong> Krolik, Robert. \u201cInventing Instant TV Traditions: George Stevens, Jr., Honoring Just About Everybody in Sight.\u201d Television Quarterly <\/em>27, no. 2 (1994): 69-75.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                                  An article in a magazine or newspaper<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Author\u2019s First and Last Name, \u201cTitle,\u201d Magazine Title<\/em>, Publication Date, Page number(s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                  • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Note:<\/strong> 21. Chris Ezzell, \u201cThe Business of the Human Genome,\u201d Scientific American<\/em>, July 2000, 48.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                    • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 21. Ezzell, \u201cThe Business,\u201d 48.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                    • Bibliography Entry:<\/strong> Ezzell, Chris. \u201cThe Business of the Human Genome.\u201d Scientific American<\/em>, July 2000.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                                      A web page or document from Web site<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Author\u2019s First and Last Name (if known), \u201cTitle of Page\/Document,\u201d Owner or Sponsor of Site, URL (date accessed).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                      • Ex:<\/strong>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • Note<\/strong>: 22. The University of Chicago, \u201cThe Chicago Manual of Style Online,\u201d Accessed January 19, 2007, http:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • (If no author, owner of site may be used instead)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                          • Shortened Note:<\/strong> 22. The University of Chicago, \u201cThe Chicago Manual.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                          • Bibliography Entry:<\/strong> The University of Chicago. \u201cThe Chicago Manual of Style Online.\u201d Accessed January 19, 2007. http:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org (accessed January 19, 2007).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                            The following information is an abridged version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the Publication Manual of the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (2017).\u00a0 This sheet is to serve as a ready reference; more in-depth descriptions can be found in the handbook. General Format for Endnotes & Footnotes Superscript Placement Formatting Abbreviations […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_mu_eop_enabled":false,"_mu_eop_name":"","_mu_eop_name_override":false,"_mu_eop_description":"","_mu_eop_description_override":false,"_mu_eop_url":"","_mu_eop_url_override":false,"_mu_eop_program_type":"","_mu_eop_educational_credential":"","_mu_eop_time_to_complete":"","_mu_eop_number_of_credits":"","_mu_eop_occupational_category":"","_mu_eop_occupational_category_code":"","_mu_eop_program_prerequisites":"","_mu_eop_application_deadline":"","_mu_eop_application_start_date":"","_mu_eop_start_date":"","_mu_eop_end_date":"","_mu_eop_day_of_week":"","_mu_eop_time_of_day":"","_mu_eop_educational_program_mode":"","_mu_eop_financial_aid_eligible":"","_mu_eop_maximum_enrollment":"","_mu_eop_offers_price":"","_mu_eop_offers_currency":"USD","_mu_eop_offers_price_per":"","_mu_eop_offers_preset":"","_mu_eop_salary_upon_completion":"","_mu_eop_training_salary":"","_mu_eop_recognized_by_name":"","_mu_eop_recognized_by_url":"","_mu_eop_concentrations":"","_mu_eop_identifier_cip":"","_mu_eop_provider_name":"","_mu_eop_provider_name_override":false,"_mu_eop_provider_url":"","_mu_eop_provider_address":"","_mu_eop_provider_city":"","_mu_eop_provider_state":"","_mu_eop_provider_zip":"","_mu_eop_provider_country":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1268","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1268"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1270,"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1268\/revisions\/1270"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.monmouth.edu\/resources-for-writers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}